Philolaus
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Philolaus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Article incorporating information from the 1911 Britannica. ... Philolaus was a contemporary of Socrates and Democritus, but senior to them, and ...
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Philolaus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Philolaus of Croton, in southern Italy, was a Greek ... 1.3 Philolaus' Book: Genuine Fragments and Testimonia. 1.4 Spurious Fragments and Testimonia ...
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Philolaus of Croton: Definition from Answers.com
Philolaus of Croton ( c. 470-390 bc ) A shadowy figure, principally known from some disputed fragments and mention by Plato and Aristotle
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Philolaus
Philolaus also specified that the tone (in the sense of whole-tone) has the ... Philolaus (or Boethius? ... Neither Philolaus nor Boethius specify whether the ...
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Notes on Anaxagoras and Philolaus
Course notes on these contemporaries of Socrates, interpreting their ideas as reactions to the challenge posed by Parmenides and Zeno.
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Philolaus - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pythagoreans: Pythagoras ? Philolaus ? Alcmaeon ? Archytas ? Timaeus ... from "http://simple.wikipedia
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Philolaus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Fall 2007 Edition)
Philolaus of Croton, in southern Italy, was a Greek philosopher/scientist, who lived from ca. ... Other books were forged in Philolaus' name at a later date, ...
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Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic - Cambridge University ...
Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic, Philolaus, Edited and translated by Carl A. Huffman, 9780521024716, Cambridge University Press
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Bryn Mawr Classical Review 94.03.14
Carl A. Huffman, Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic. ... Philolaus does not discuss the limited and the unlimited, but rather limiting ...
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Philolaus (ca. 480 BC – ca. 385 BC, Greek language: Φιλόλαος) was a Greeks Pythagoreanism and Presocratic.
As is the case with most other Presocratic thinkers, "any chronology constructed for his life is a fabric of the loosest possible weave." Huffman, Carl. Philolaus of Croton Pythagorean and Presocratic: A Commentary on the Fragments and Testimonia With Interpretive Essays. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. p. 1–16. But that should not diminish the importance of establishing such a chronology, which helps scholars see his relationship to other Pre-Socratics. A passage out of Plato's Phaedo reveals his influence on two of the characters within the dialogue:
{{cquote]. The dates of his birth and death are culled from his known association with other Pre-Socratics, as well as the date of the burning of the Pythagorean meeting-place (which he fled from), around 454 BC. Besides this chronological outinle the details of Philolaus life are unknown to us.
Philolaus and Eurytus (Pythagorean) are two of the Pythagoreans that Plato is mentioned as having met on his first visit to Italy. The pupils of Philolaus and Eurytus were:
- Xenophilus of Chalcis, Thrace
- Phanto of Phlius
- Echecrates of Phlius
- Diocles of Phlius
- Polymnastus of Phlius
Philolaus was a contemporary of Socrates and Democritus, but senior to them, and was probably somewhat junior to Empedocles, and a contemporary of Zeno of Elea, Melissus of Samos and Thucydides, so that his birth may be placed at about 480 BC.
Philolaus was born in either Crotone, Taranto, or Heraclea (Lucania), according to the doxography of Diogenes Laertius.
He was said to have been intimate with Democritus, and was probably one of his teachers. Philolaus was the first Pythagorean to write and disseminate any philosophical treatise at all; he published a book, of which remain only extant fragments of other philosophers and doxographers. According to some accounts, Philolaus, obliged to flee, took refuge first in Lucania and then at Thebes (Greece), where he had as pupils Simmias and Cebes (Crito), all three of whom were subsequently present at the death of Socrates in 399 BC. Before this Philolaus had returned to Italy, where he was the teacher of Archytas (428 BC–347 BC). Philolaus was perhaps also connected with the Pythagorean exiles at Phlius mentioned in Plato's Plato's Phaedo.
Philolaus spoke and wrote in a Greek Doric Greek dialect and was the first to propound the doctrine of the motion of the Earth; some attribute this doctrine to Pythagoras, but there is no evidence in support of either Pythagoras or the younger Hicetas (ca. 400 BC – ca. 335 BC) of Syracuse, Italy.
Cosmology Philolaus' ideas about the cosmology of the universe were so drastically different from any previous suppositions about the Earth's place in the cosmos that he simultaneously did away with the ideas of fixed direction in space, developed one of the first non-geocentric views of the universe, and anticipated the most startling new ideas of Isaac Newton and Nicolaus Copernicus. These new ways of thinking quite literally revolved around a hypothetical astronomical object he called the Central Fire.
A popular misconception about Philolaus is that he supposed that a sphere of the fixed stars, the five planets, the Sun, Moon and Earth, all moved round his Central Fire, but as these made up only nine revolving bodies, he conceived in accordance with his number theory a tenth, which he called Counter-Earth. This fallacy grows largely out of Aristotle's attempt to lampoon his ideas in his book, Metaphysics (Aristotle).
In reality, Philolaus' ideas predated the idea of spheres by hundreds of years, and the Counter-Earth was conceived to explain his revolutionary ideas about the lack of up or down in space to the Pythagorean community. He never recognized the fixed stars as any kind of sphere or object.Burch, George Bosworth. The Counter-Earth. Osirus, vol. 11. Saint Catherines Press, 1954. p. 267-294
His new ideas about the nature of the Earth's place in the cosmos influenced Aristarchus of Samos dramatically. Nicolaus Copernicus mentions in De revolutionibus that Philolaus already knew about the Earth's revolution around a central fire.
He supposed the Sun to be a disk of glass which reflects the light of the universe. He made the lunar month consist of 29½ days, the lunar year of 354, and the solar year of 365½ days.
He was the first to publish a book on the Pythagorean doctrines, a treatise of which Plato made use in the composition of his Timaeus (dialogue). Philolaus represented the philosophical system of his school in a work Peri physeos (On Nature). Speusippus, Plato's successor at the Academy#The_original_Academy summarized Philolaus's work.
Pythagorean Number Theory Philolaus was deeply involved in the distinctively Pythagorean number theory, dwelling particularly on the properties inherent in the decad – the sum of the first four numbers, consequently the fourth triangular number, the tetractys – which he called great, all-powerful, and all-producing. The great Pythagorean oath was taken by the sacred tetractys. The discovery of the regular solids is attributed to Pythagoras by Eudemus, and Empedocles is stated to have been the first who maintained that there are four classical elements. Philolaus, connecting these ideas, held that the elementary nature of bodies depends on their form, and assigned the tetrahedron to fire (classical element), the octahedron to air (classical element), the icosahedron to water (classical element), and the cube to earth (classical element); the dodecahedron he assigned to a classical element, aether, or, as some think, to the universe. This theory, however superficial from the standpoint of observation, indicates considerable knowledge of geometry and gave a motivating boost to the study of science. Following Parmenides' philosophy, Philolaus regarded the soul as a "mixture and harmony" of the bodily parts; he also assumed a substantial soul, whose existence in the body is an exile.
Notes References
External links
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
- Burch, George Bosworth. The Counter-Earth. Osirus, vol. 11. Saint Catherines Press, 1954. p. 267-294
Philolaus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Philolaus (ca. 480 BC – ca. 385 BC, Greek: Φιλόλαος) was a Greek Pythagorean and Presocratic. He argued that all matter is composed of limited and unlimited things, and ...
Philolaus (crater) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Philolaus is a lunar impact crater that is located in the northern part of the Moon 's near side. It lies within one crater diameter to the east-southeast of the flooded Anaximenes ...
Philolaus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
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Philolaus -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Britannica online encyclopedia article on Philolaus: philosopher of the Pythagorean school, named after the Greek thinker Pythagoras (fl. c. 530 bc).
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Wikipedia: Philolaus - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philolaus Article incorporating information from the 1911 Britannica. Notes on Anaxagoras and Philolaus - http://www.gmu.edu ...
Philolaus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Spring 2004 Edition)
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TMTh:: PHILOLAUS
Life Pythagorean philosopher and mathematician whose birthplace is disputed, some holding that he was born at Tarentum and others that he was born at Croton or perhaps Heraclea.
Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic - Cambridge ...
Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic, Philolaus, Edited and translated by Carl A. Huffman, 9780521024716, Cambridge University Press
Philolaus - Greek Philosopher - Crystalinks
Philolaus (circa 480 BC circa 405 BC) was a Greek mathematician and philosopher.A classic philologist, August Boeckh (17851867) places his life between the 70th and 95th ...
Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic - Cambridge ...
Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic A Commentary on the Fragments and Testimonia with Interpretive Essays Philolaus Edited and translated by Carl A.